托福阅读否定事实信息题解题步骤
“否定事实信息题”，顾名思义，就是选择错误的选项，我们简称它为“否定题”;这种题型所占比例不大，每篇文章大概会考到0-2题，很多学生对它并不是很关注，一方面认为其出题频率不高;另一方面认为它比较简单，只要把选项和文章核对就可以;甚至有学生说，只要记得不要把正确的选项当答案，这道题就不会错。但是事实真的是如此吗?
来源：新东方 范梦洋
一、提问方式
1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true …?
2. The author’s description of … mentions all of the following EXCEPT …?
3. Which of the following is not explained in the passage?
4. Which of the following questions about …is not answered in the passage?
总结：否定题的题干中常出现 Not true, Except 等词
二、解题方法
1. 仔细审题，找关键词，定位原文
2. 查找选项中的关键词，再次定位
3. 前后两个定位的内容均符合的选项可被排除，从而进一步锁定答案
注意：对于否定题，一定要把题干和选项同时与文章进行核对;如果只把选项和文章对应，那么有一些选项它是符合文章的，但是却不符合题干，我们称之为“答非所问”选项;这种选项非常具有迷惑性，而且在最近的考试中经常出现，这也是为什么要求大家，一定要把题干和文章核对的原因。
三、例题
例1：Why were these hundreds of thousands of settlers-most of them farmers, some of them artisans-drawn away from the cleared fields and established cities and villages of the East? Certain characteristics of American society help to explain this remarkable migration. The European ancestors of some Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece of land until some religious, political, or economic crisis uprooted them【D】and drove them across the Atlantic. Many of those who experienced this sharp break thereafter lacked the ties that had bound them and their ancestors to a single place. Moreover, European society was relatively stratified; occupation and social status were inherited. In American society, however, the class structure was less rigid; some people changed occupations easily【C】 and believed it was their duty to improve their social and economic position【B】. As a result, many Americans were an inveterately restless, rootless, and ambitious people【A】. Therefore, these social traits helped to produce the nomadic and daring settlers who kept pushing westward beyond the fringes of settlement. In addition, there were other immigrants who migrated west in search of new homes, material success, and better lives.
例1：According to paragraph 2, all of the following are reasons why Americans migrated westward EXCEPT
A. the desire to move from one place to the next
B. the hope of improving their socioeconomic status
C. the opportunity to change jobs
D. the need to escape religious or political crises
答案解析：(选D)
(1)第一步：将题干和文章进行核对
(题干中问的是美国人向西部移民的原因，所以定位回文章时，一定要找到与“Americans”，“westward”，即“美国向西部移民”相关的部分)
(2)第二步：把选项和文章进行核对
(选项和文章定位时，同样可以通过选项中的关键词与文章定位，例如：B选项可以通过socioeconomic status 去定位)
(3)第三步：把题干和选项，同时和文章进行比对，发现D选项与题干不符合。
总结：这道题的错误率很高，因为我们会发现，四个选项貌似在文章里均有定位，而且看起来都符合文章，这时就需要我们仔细审题，题干问的是美国人如何，而D选项对应的与“The European ancestors of some Americans”，即“欧洲人”有关，因此答案为D选项。
例2：Architecture is the art and science【C】 of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values【B】. Of all the visual arts【A】, architecture affects our lives most directly【D】 for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.
例2：According to paragraph 1, all of the following statements about architecture are true EXCEPT:
A. Architecture is visual art.
B. Architecture reflects the cultural values of its creators.
C. Architecture has both artistic and scientific dimensions.
D. Architecture has an indirect effect on life.
答案解析：(选D)
(1)第一步：将题干和文章进行核对
(题干中可以定位的关键词只有architecture，把它定位回文章时，发现整段都涉及architecture，需要进一步通过选项定位)
(2)第二步：把选项和文章进行核对
(architecture为主题词，不适合用来定位;A选项可以通过visual art 定位, B选项可以通过cultural values 定位, C选项可以通过artistic and scientific dimensions 定位, D选项可以通过indirect effect 定位)
(3)第三步：把题干和选项，同时和文章进行比对，发现D选项中indirect effect 与文章中affect…indirectly 正好相反，所以答案为D选项。
总结：建议大家把四个选项都看完之后，一起和文章进行定位，因为选项的顺序和其在文章中出现的顺序往往不一致，逐一比对选项会浪费时间;而且比对选项时，要注意同义替换的说法，例如C选项。
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