托福阅读总结题六步答题方法
总结题是一道很多同学都半放弃的题目，做到最后一道时间不够只能靠印象去选，印象中原文提到的就可以选，没提到的就排除(典型的印象派了)。其实，大多数根本没有理解总结题的题目要求以及做题方法。
来源：新东方 李雪艳
下面先解析一下题目要求：
An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.
注意这样三点：第一，要选择三个选项来完成summary(总结)，第二，已经有一句summary提供出来了，第三，错误选项是细节信息或者错误信息。
那么其实最重要的是要分析原文的重点信息以及区别细节，辨别错误信息。
但大多数的同学在完成前13道的时候并没有注意段落的大意，所以在总结题时候只能靠印象去完成，那么如何去总结段落大意呢?接下来我我们梳理一下注意事项。
1. 重视标题
2. 重视首段尾句，尤其是问号句，转折句，总结句，列举句
3. 重视段落的第1-2句，尤其是抽象概括词汇句(explanation，theory，consequences)，以及并列，让步
4. 重视段落逻辑词，如因果转折并列，尤其是段尾转折和并列
5. 重视段尾总结句
6. 重视否定题，目的题。
首先，重视标题。标题具有一定的指导意思，有的表示直接是含有问题类型的，如Which Hand Did They Use? 有标题体现动作型的，如The Formation of Volcanic Islands ， The Origins of Agriculture，The Decline of Venetian Shipping。有A and B型的，如Railroad and Commercial Agriculture in Nineteenth century，Energy and the Industrial Revolution，有名词复数型，如 Characteristics of Roman Pottery。问题型的重点内容肯定是对问题的回答，动作型是按时间顺序去分析如何完成或者动作的原因结果，A and B型一般会说两者的关系或者两者对比，名词复数就更好说了，文章内部的段落是按照并列结构来展开。
第二，重视段落尾句，段落尾句时常会出现比较概括的或者启下的句子，给我们指明了全文的重点，也可以是预判下文重点的一句。
TPO18-1:首段尾句it is important to understand the sources of their success.
本句启示下文，根据抽象词sources分析，下文表达成功的来源(原因)
TPO20-1: Why were these hundreds of thousands of settlers drawn away from the cleared fields and established cities and villages of the East?
本句启示下文，此句是问句，预判下文讨论原因
TPO21-2: How did it come about that farming developed independently in a number of world centersat more or less the same time?
本句启示下文，此句是问句，预判下文讨论原因
TPO21-3：What factors are responsible for this developmental turning point?
本句启示下文，此句是问句，预判下文讨论原因
第三，重视段落的第1-2句，绝大多数的阅读文章是总分结构，所以首句会是全段的中心。
TPO22-1: 第三段段首句，Spartina is an exceedingly competitive plant. 下文解释植物如何competitive。
第四段段首句，These characteristics make Spartina a valuable component of the estuaries where it occurs naturally.本句含有概括单词 characteristics ，且是复数形式，下文解释植物的什么特点使它如何valuable。
TPO21-3: 第二段段首句：Perhaps the explanation goes back to some ideas raised by，本句子含有概括单词explanation，ideas，下文解释ideas。
TPO30-1: 第三段段首句： Play is not without considerable costs to the individual animal.本句含有概括词汇costs，且是复数形式，下文解释play的代价。
第四第五，重视段落内部的逻辑词，如段落内部含有another等表示并列的词汇，那么本段是列举的结构，尽量把列举的点记下来，如段落内部含有thus等表示因果的词汇，说明thus后面为结论，结论则是段落的重点内容，而非细节。如段尾处含有转折，则表示本段后面部分是对前面的反驳，则尽量记住反驳的点。如下：
The benefits of play must outweigh costs, or play would not have evolved, according to Darwin' s theory. Some of the potential benefits relate directly to the healthy development of the brain and nervous system. In one research study, two groups of young rats were raised under different conditions. One group developed in an "enriched" environment, which allowed the rats to interact with other rats, play with toys, and receive maze training. The other group lived in an "impoverished" environment in individual cages in a dimly lit room with little stimulation. At the end of the experiments, the results showed that the actual weight of the brains of the impoverished rats was less than that of those raised in the enriched environment (though they were fed the same diets). Other studies have shown that greater stimulation not only affects the size of the brain but also increase the number of connections between the nerve cells. Thus, active play may provide necessary stimulation to the growth of synaptic connections in the brain, especially the cerebellum, which is responsible for motor functioning and movements.
首句+两个并列句+段尾等于全段的总结。
第六，重视其它题型对于段落总结的指导意义。
一段出现否定题说明对应的段落多数应该是并列的结构，那么基本在完成否定题的时候就已经将文章的大意把握住了，所以否定题题目和选项可以重点记住。如下
Paragraph 2: Medieval Europe gave new importance to reliable time. The Catholic Church had its seven daily prayers, one of which was at night, requiring an alarm arrangement to waken monks before dawn. And then the new cities and towns, squeezed by their walls, had to know and order time in order to organize collective activity and ration space. They set a time to go to sleep. All this was compatible with older devices so long as there was only one authoritative timekeeper; but with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals, discrepancy brought discord and strife. Society needed a more dependable instrument of time measurement and found it in the mechanical clock.
2. According to paragraph 2, all of the following are examples of the importance of timekeeping to medieval European society EXCEPT
○ the need of different towns to coordinate timekeeping with each other
○ the setting of specific times for the opening and closing of markets
○ the setting of specific time for the start and finish of the working day
○ the regulation of the performance of daily church rituals
本段重点在表达中世纪的欧洲认为时间很重要(和否定题目一致)且体现在了很多方面，哪些方面呢，看选项(有一个是错误，三个对的，这个要先辨别好)。
目的题同理，不过多赘述。
另：
小结题选项确定对应一段的则选，确定不是的则排除，也可以待定，然后再分析待定选项。
细节和内容错误都可能出现
两选项同属于一段尽量二选一(不是百分之百)
多数选项对应一段，也有半段或者两段
词汇概括的选中的几率大一些，文章在讲动物，一个选项再叨叨一个猴子的事情，多半是细节没跑了。
不要只看词汇是概括的，注意选型句子的主干，可能主干是一些很细节的词汇。
看完的同学去做题吧，方法看完要记得练习啊!!!
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