新东方名师教你托福阅读精读方法
托福阅读要学会泛读和精读，两种搭配好，才能够辅助大家更好地拿到阅读成绩。今天新东方老师就通过TPO阅读文章的实例，来为大家讲解，如何做好一篇文章的精读。下面让我们一起来学习一下吧 !
原创： 新东方 宋丽楠老师
TPO34 Protection of Plants by Insects
通过题目我们可以看出文章是生物生态类，讲述的内容和昆虫保护花有关。
那么接下来就让我们从上一次讲解的“词、句、段、篇”四个维度进行篇章分析吧。
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第一段
Many plants – one or more species of at least 68 different families – can secrete nectar even when they have no blossoms, because they bear extrafloral nectaries (structures that produce nectar) on stems, leaves, leaf stems, or other structures. These plants usually occur where ants are abundant, most in the tropics but some in temperate areas. Among those of northeastern North America are various plums, cherries, roses, hawthorns, poplars, and oaks. Like floral nectar, extrafloral nectar consists mainly of water with a high content of dissolved sugars and, in some plants, small amounts of amino acids. The extrafloral nectaries of some plants are known to attract ants and other insects, but the evolutionary history of most plants with these nectaries is unknown. Nevertheless, most ecologists believe that all extrafloral nectaries attract insects that will defend the plant.
【词】
species 物种
secrete 分泌
nectar 蜜液
blossom开花
tropic 热带
temperate 温带
dissolved 分解的
amino acids 氨基酸
注意：
1. extrafloral这个词我们可能没见过，但是会发现它由前缀extra(外面)加词根floral(花的)组成，所以该词的含义就是花外面的。词根词缀在单词背诵中非常重要，所以我们一定要掌握一些常见的前缀和词根。
2. nectary这个词在文章用括号的形式给出了解释，那么看懂里面的解释即可。很多TOEFL中的专业词汇都会给予解释，形式可能是括号、冒号、同位语等，我们要学会识别，从而辅助我们更加理解文章。而像这些给出解释的词汇并不需要刻意花费大量时间背诵，了解即可。
3. plums, cherries, roses, hawthorns, poplars, and oaks这些词是文章中的举例，我们只需要知道是什么的例子即可，这种专业型的一大堆并列的词汇不需要每个都精确掌握。
4. secrete 是“分泌”的意思，secret 是“秘密”的意思。要注意形近词的区分。平时学习的时候就可以写在一起区分背诵。
【句】
1. Many plants – one or more species of at least 68 different families – can secrete nectar even when they have no blossoms, because they bear extrafloral nectaries (structures that produce nectar) on stems, leaves, leaf stems, or other structures.
这一句话中两个破折号中间的内容“one or more species of at least 68 different families”为插入语，我们在分析句子主干的时候要去掉插入语把前后的内容连接上，即“Many plants can secrete nectar…”
2. Nevertheless, most ecologists believe that all extrafloral nectaries attract insects that will defend the plant.
这句话中有两个从句都有that引导，第一个为believe后面的宾语从句，第二个为insects后面的定语从句修饰insects。我们在翻译从句套从句情况的时候一定要注意从句的层级然后再进行翻译。如本句就是宾语从句里套了一个定语从句that will defend the plant，那么翻译的时候就直接把定从翻译成一个“的”就可以了。
【段】
第1句 植物不开花的时候也会分泌蜜液，因为有extrafloral nectaries。
第2句 这些植物通常在蚂蚁多的地方出现。
第3句 对上一句中地点和植物的举例。
第4句 extrafloral nectaries对比floral nectary的相似点：含有糖。
第5句 蜜液吸引昆虫，但是nectary的进化史不知道。
第6句 蜜液吸引昆虫保护花。
小结：本段的核心名词为“plant, nectar, insects”，它们之间的关系为植物分泌蜜液，蜜液吸引昆虫，昆虫保护花。
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第二段
Ants are probably the most frequent and certainly the most persistent defenders of plants. Since the highly active worker ants require a great deal of energy, plants exploit this need by providing extrafloral nectar that supplies ants with abundant energy. To return this favor, ants guard the nectaries, driving away or killing intruding insects that might compete with ants for nectar. Many of these intruders are herbivorous and would eat the leaves of the plants.第二页继续...
