托福阅读语法解析:非谓语动词
托福阅读考试中,也经常会出现一些非谓语动词,有些同学总是在这部分的复习中存在疑问。今天我们就来详细的讲解一下这部分的内容,希望对大家的备考有一定的帮助。
托福阅读中不定式和分词的常见用法有哪些呢?
不定式(to do)的用法
不定式to do可以算是非谓语动词家族中最神通广大的一个了,可以说它能够在句子中充当除了谓语之外的任一成分,它既可以像名词一样做句子主干,也可以像形容词、副词一样去做句中修饰成分,接下来我们就结合几个例句分别来看一下它的用法。
1. 作主干
不定式同动名词一样,可以像名词一样去使用,在句中充当主干成分,我们通过以下列例句简单了解一下即可。
To see is to believe.
I like to swim in the afternoon.
2. 作定语
不定式跟在名词之后时,可以作为定语对前面的名词进行修饰,用来表示将来目的。
She found a way to solve the problem.
The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. (OG- Artisans and Industrialization)
3. 作状语
不定式作状语时位置较灵活,可以出现在句前或句后,最常见用来做目的状语,如例句1、3,有时也可作其他状语,如例句2中的不定式状语就用来表结果了。
To achieve his dream, he works hard everyday.
He woke up to find the door open.
To compare the compositions of a meteorite and the Sun, it is necessary that we use ratios of elements rather than simply the abundances of atoms. (TPO22-3)
分词(doing、done)的用法
非谓语动词结构其实是英文写作中一种重要的扩写句子的手段,所以在阅读中也十分常见,尤其是分词结构。分词结构能够作为定语去修饰句中的名词,也能够作为状语出现在所修饰的句子前后,以下是一些具体示例。
1. 分词作定语
当分词结构跟在名词之后,会作为后置定语修饰名词,只要当做“……的”来理解就好,同时注意现在分词doing表示主动发出的动作,过去分词done则是被动含义。
The man wearing a hat is my neighbor.
I like the book written by that famous novelist.
Abu Hureyra was founded about 9500B.C, a small village settlement of cramped pit dwellings (houses dug partially in the soil) with reed roofs supported by wooden uprights. (TPO20-2)
The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures. (TPO2-1)
以上例句中我们讨论的是分词短语作后置定语的用法,实际上分词也可以单独使用,在名词之前作定语,以下就是几个简单的例子。
a flying bird
a broken heart
Glaciers may form in permanently cold areas, and these slowly moving masses of ice cut out valleys, carrying with them huge quantities of eroded rock debris. (OG- Geology and Landscape)
2. 分词作状语
当分词结构出现在某个句子主干之前或之后,则作为该句子的状语。理解的时候注意两点,第一,分词结构的逻辑主语和被修饰句子的主语一致;第二,现在分词doing表示主动动作,过去分词done则为被动含义。分词状语可以被看作是状语从句的简化形式,所以我们可以将分词状语等同于状语从句来理解。此外,分词状语位于句末常常作为结果或伴随状语,所以我们也可以直接将它当做并列句来理解,比如下方的例句二和例句四。
Accepting others’ criticisms, people can make progress.
He dropped the cup, breaking it into pieces.
Praised by the teacher, the boy is very happy.
Growing tightly packed together and collectively weaving a dense canopy of branches, a stand of red alder trees can totally dominate a site to the exclusion of almost everything else. (老托98.05)
Carbon dioxide in the air reacts with the rainwater, forming a weak acid (carbonic acid) that may chemically attack the rock. (OG- Geology and Landscape)
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