托福阅读高频率题目总结
在托福阅读考试中，也经常会重复出现一些旧题，从往期考试的真题中，我们不难发现一些一些高频率的题目内容，因此这里小编为大家进行了总结，帮助大家更好地来备考托福阅读考试。
The Early History of Motion Pictures
Pictures
Motion pictures and television are possible because of two quirks of the human perceptual system: the phi phenomenon and persistence of vision. The phi phenomenon refers to what happens when a person sees one light sources go out while another one close to the original is illuminated. To our eyes, it looks like the light moves from one place to another. In persistence of vision, our eyes continue to see an image for a spit second after the image has disappeared from view. First observed by the ancient Greeks, persistence of vision became more widely known in 1824 when Peter Roget(who also developed the thesaurus) demonstrated that human begins retain an image of an object for about one-tenth of a second after the object is taken from view.
Following Roget’s pronouncement, a host of toys that depended on this principle sprang up in Europe. Bearing fanciful manes (the Thaumatrope, the Praxinoscope), these devices made a series of hand-drawn pictures appear to move.
Before long, several people realized that a series of still photographs on celluloid film could be used instead of hand drawing. In 1878 a colorful Englishman later turned American. Edward Muybridge, attempted to settle a $25.000 bet over whether the four feet of a galloping horse ever simultaneously left the ground. He arranged a series of 24 cameras alongside a racetrack to photograph a galloping horse. Rapidly viewing the series of pictures produced an effect much like that of a motion picture. Muybirdge’s technique not only settled the bet (the feet did leave the ground simultaneously at certain instances) but also photography. Instead of 24 cameras talking one pictures in rapid order, it was Thomas Edison and his assistant, William Dickson, who finally developed what might have been the first practical motion-picture camera and viewing device, Edison was apparently trying to provide a visual counterpart to his recently invented phonograph. When his early efforts did not work out, he turned the project over his assistant. Using flexible film, Dickson solved the vexing problem of how to move the film rapidly through the camera by perforating its edge with tiny holes and pulling it along by means of sprockets, projections on a wheel that fit into the holes of the film in 1889 Dickson had perfected a machine called the Kinetoscope and even starred in a brief film demonstrating how it worked.
These early efforts in the Edison lab were not directed at projecting movies to large crowds. Still influenced by the success of his phonograph, Edison thought a similar device could make a money by showing brief films to one person at a time for a penny a look. Edison built a special studio to produce films for his new invention, and by 1894, Kinetoscope parlors were spring up in major cities. The long-range commercial potential of his invention was lost on Edison. He reasoned that the real money would be made by selling his peep-show machine. If a large number of people were shown the film at the same time, fewer machines would be needed. Developments in Europe proved Edison wrong as inventors there devised large-screen projection devices. Faced with competition, Edison perfected the Vitascope and unveiled it in New York City in 1896.
Early monies were simple snippets of action—acrobats tumbling, horse running, jugglers juggling, and so on. Eventually, the novelty wore off and films became less of an attraction. Public interest was soon rekindled when early filmmakers discovered that movies could be used to tell story. In France, Alice Guy-Blachè produced The Cabbage Fairy, a one-minute film about a fairy who produces children in a Cabbage patch, and exhibited it at the Paris International Exhibition in 1896. Guy-Blachè went on to found her own studio in America. Better known is the work of a fellow French filmmaker and magician, Georges Méliès. In 1902 Méliès produced a science-fiction film that was the great-great-grandfather of Star Wars and Star Trek; it was called A Trip to the Moon.
Paragraph1
Motion pictures and television are possible because of two quirks of the human perceptual system: the phi phenomenon and persistence of vision. The phi phenomenon refers to what happens when a person sees one light sources go out while another one close to the original is illuminated. To our eyes, it looks like the light moves from one place to another. In persistence of vision, our eyes continue to see an image for a spit second after the image has disappeared from view. First observed by the ancient Greeks, persistence of vision became more widely known in 1824 when Peter Roget(who alsodeveloped the thesaurus) demonstrated that human begins retain an image of an object for about one-tenth of a second after the object is taken from view. Following Roget’s pronouncement, a host of toys that depended on this principle sprang up in Europe. Bearing fanciful manes (the Thaumatrope, the Praxinoscope), these devices made a series of hand-drawn pictures appear to move.
1. According to paragraph 1,what is the phi phenomenon?
A. The appearance of movement that occurs when one light is turned off while another lights up nearby
B. The tendency to see two lights placed close together as coming from a single light source
C. The fact that the human eye sees a light source for a split second after it has disappeared
D. The impression that there are several light sources when there is actually only one
2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements does NOT correctly describe persistence of vision?
A. It was originally noticed by the ancient Greeks
B. It refers to an image of an object seen by the human eye for one-tenth of a second after the object has disappeared
C. It is a scientific principle that was already widely accepted before Peter Roget demonstrated its validity
D. It provided the basis for a number of European toys, including the Thaumatrope and the Praxinoscope
3. The word “pronouncement” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. statement
B. advice
C. theory
D. Experiment
Paragraph2
Before long, several people realized that a series of still photographs on celluloid film could be used instead of hand drawing. In 1878 a colorful Englishman later turned American. Edward Muybridge, attempted to settle a $25.000 bet over whether the four feet of a galloping horse ever simultaneously left the ground. He arranged a series of 24 cameras alongside a racetrack to photograph a galloping horse. Rapidly viewing the series of pictures produced an effect much like that of a motion picture. Muybirdge’s technique not only settled the bet (the feet did leave the ground simultaneously at certain instances) but also photography. Instead of 24 cameras talking one pictures in rapid order, it was Thomas Edison and his assistant, William Dickson, who finally developed what might have been the first practical motion-picture camera and viewing device, Edison was apparently trying to provide a visual counterpart to his recently invented phonograph. When his early efforts did not work out, he turned the project over his assistant. Using flexible film, Dickson solved the vexing problem of how to move the film rapidly through the camera by perforating its edge with tiny holes and pulling it along by means of sprockets, projections on a wheel that fit into the holes of the film in 1889 Dickson had perfected a machine called the Kinetoscope and even starred in a brief film demonstrating how it worked.
4. In paragraph 2, why does the author mention the bet that Edward Muybridge tried to settle about whether “the four feet of a galloping horse ever simultaneously left the ground”?
A. To introduce and explain a fundamental principle of motion-picture photography
B. To demonstrate that still photographs produced a visual effect that surpassed that of hand-drawn pictures
C. To emphasize that photographers had to be willing to take risks in order to portray their subjects
D. To suggest the difficulty of trying to capture animal movement in motion-picture photography
5. The word “counterpart” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. addition
B. invention
C. component
D. equivalent
6. The word “flexible” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. connected
B. smooth
C. bendable
D. Delicate
7. According to paragraph 2, how did Muybridge contribute to the development of motion-picture technology?
A. He invented the first motion-picture camera.
B. He demonstrated the technique of taking a series of photographs and viewing them in rapid succession
C. He asked Edison and Dickson to create a motion-picture camera that was both practical and economical
D. He combined hand drawings and still photographs to create movie-like effects
8. Paragraph 2 suggests that Thomas Edison’s early efforts to develop a motion-picture camera failed because he could not figure out how to
A. display the camera’s pictures to an audience
B. move the film quickly through the camera
C. line the edge of the film with holes that were small enough
D. prevent the film form tearing
Paragraph 3
These early efforts in the Edison lab were not directed at projecting movies to large crowds. Still influenced by the success of his phonograph, Edison thought a similar device could make a money by showing brief films to one person at a time for a penny a look. Edison built a special studio to produce films for his new invention, and by 1894, Kinetoscope parlors were spring up in major cities. The long-range commercial potential of his invention was lost on Edison. He reasoned that the real money would be made by selling his peep-show machine. If a large number of people were shown the film at the same time, fewer machines would be needed. Developments in Europe proved Edison wrong as inventors there devised large-screen projection devices. Faced with competition, Edison perfected the Vitascope and unveiled it in New York City in 1896.
9. According to paragraph 3, what were Kinetoscope parlors?
A. Places where people could pay a penny to view a short film by looking into a machine
B. Places where people could gather in crowds to watch short films projected onto large screens
C. Special studios where Edison produced films that would be shown by his newly invented machine
D. Places where Edison sold his phonographs, peep-show machines, and other popular inventions
10. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the scope?
A. It was widely used in Europe before being adopted in the United States
B. It never made as much money as the equivalent European projection device
C. It was a larger version of the original Kinetoscope
D. It was designed to show motion pictures to large groups of people
Paragraph4
Early monies were simple snippets of action—acrobats tumbling, horse running, jugglers juggling, and so on. Eventually, the novelty wore off and films became less of an attraction. Public interest was soonrekindled when early filmmakers discovered that movies could be used to tell story. In France, Alice Guy-Blachè produced The Cabbage Fairy, a one-minute film about a fairy who produces children in a Cabbage patch, and exhibited it at the Paris International Exhibition in 1896. Guy-Blachè went on to found her own studio in America. Better known is the work of a fellow French filmmaker and magician, Georges Méliès. In 1902 Méliès produced a science-fiction film that was the great-great-grandfather of Star Wars and Star Trek; it was called A Trip to the Moon.
11. The word “rekindled” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. reported
B. renewed
C. reinforced
D. Rewarded
12. In paragraph 4, the author describes the film The Cabbage Fairy in order to
A. argue for the importance of continuous action to keep audiences interested
B. suggest that early films were more popular than live performances were
C. provide an example of one of the first films to tell a story
D. emphasize how relatively short most early movies were
Pragraph4
Early monies were simple snippets of action—acrobats tumbling, horse running, jugglers juggling, and so on. Eventually, the novelty wore off and films became less of an attraction. Public interest was soon rekindled when early filmmakers discovered that movies could be used to tell story. ■In France, Alice Guy-Blachè produced The Cabbage Fairy, a one-minute film about a fairy who produces children in a Cabbage patch, and exhibited it at the Paris International Exhibition in 1896. ■Guy-Blachè went on to found her own studio in America. ■ Better known is the work of a fellow French filmmaker and magician, Georges Méliès. ■ In 1902 Méliès produced a science-fiction film that was the great-great-grandfather of Star Wars and Star Trek; it was called A Trip to the Moon.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
Although she directed hundreds of short films and produced hundreds more over the course of her career, she has largely been forgotten.
Where would the sentence best fit?
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selected THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. The phi phenomenon and persistence of vision are two characteristics of the human perceptual system that make motion pictures and television possible.
Answer Choices
A. When the persistence of vision became widely known, it inspired the development of toys that made hand-drawn pictures appear to move
B. The invention of the motion-picture camera led to the discovery that a horse’s feet do not leave the ground while the horse is galloping.
C. The primary competitors in early motion-picture technology were Edison’s Kinetoscope and the European-designed and manufactured large-screen projection devices
D. The motion-picture camera develop from the experiments in sequential photography that were originally done by Edward Muybridge
E. Later developments in film included a focus on large-screens projection rather than individual viewing machines and narrative films rather than simple action sequences.
F. French filmmakers Alice Guy-Blachè and Georges started the first two major movie studios in America and in France, respectively.
答案解析：
1.正确答案A
本题为细节题，题目关键词为phi phenomenon，比较容易能够精准定位到原文“The phi phenomenon refers to what happens when a person sees one light sources go out while another one close to the original is illuminated. To our eyes, it looks like the light moves from one place to another.”
A选项的意思为：当一个光源熄灭，而旁边一个光源点亮的时候，移动的幻想就会出现。意思和原文符合
B选项的意思为：当有两个光源的时候，有趋向去把两个光源看成是来自于同一个光源和，和原文意思不符合
C选项的意思为：人类眼睛在光源消失后的一瞬间，还能看到光源。这个选线最有迷惑性，因为这个选项的对应点是原文的“In persistence of vision, our eyes continue to see an image for a spit second after the image has disappeared from view.”，其实是正确的。但这并不是这道题目的问题点
D选项的意思为：当光源只有一个的时候，会感觉到有几处光源，也和原文明显不符合
2.正确答案C
本题为排除列具题，题目关键词为persistence of vision，能定位到原文“The phi phenomenon refers to what happens when a person sees one light sources go out while another one close to …一直到最后的内容”
A选项对应First observed by the ancient Greeks
B选项对应human begins retain an image of an object for about one-tenth of a second after the object is taken from view.
D选项对应Following Roget’s pronouncement, a host of toys that depended on this principle sprang up in Europe. Bearing fanciful manes (the Thaumatrope, the Praxinoscope)
C选项对应persistence of vision became more widely known in 1824 when Peter Roget(who also developed the thesaurus) demonstrated… 但原文是说在Peter Roget展示之后，persistence of vision才变得广为人知，而C选项是说在Peter Roget展示persistence of vision的有效性之前，它作为一个科学原则，早就被大众所接受。C选项和原文意思刚好相反，所以选C
3. 正确答案A
Pronouncement意思是宣告
A选项为“声明”， 和Pronouncement意思吻合
B选项为“建议”
C选项为“原理”
D选项为“实验”
4.正确答案B
本题为修辞目的题，the four feet of a galloping horse ever simultaneously left the ground的前后文分别提到“静止的照片能够替代手工画作”“用24台摄像机拍摄跳跃中的马，快速浏览这些照片的视觉效果就会像一个动图”，所以作者提到这个打赌“跳跃中的马的四条腿是否会同时离开地面”这个事情，就是为了证明静止的照片确实能够产生一种视觉动画，从而能够替代手工画作，B选项符合这个意思
A选项极具迷惑性，做错的同学基本上都是选到这个答案，因为表面上看上去，这句话对应“Muybirdge’s technique not only settled the bet (the feet did leave the ground simultaneously at certain instances) but also photography”，但是一旦深入了解，才会发现其中的细微差别，原文是指Muybirdge的技术解决了摄影技术，而A选项是指“引入和解释了电影摄影技术的一个基本原理”
C选项中的willing to take risks原文没有提及
D选项中的difficulty of trying to capture animal movement原文没有提及
5. 正确答案D
counterpart意思是副本
A选项为“增加物”
B选项为“发明”
C选项为“组件”
D选项为“同等物”
6. 正确答案C
flexible意思是柔韧的
A选项为“连接的”
B选项为“光滑的”
C选项为“可弯曲的”，是bend的形容词形式
D选项为“精美的”
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