平行结构,让你的句子充满flow | 雅思写作干货
什么是平行结构?
平行结构是一种修辞手法,它使得句子前后保持平衡和协调,从而增加语言的连贯性,它要求词与词,短语与短语,句子与句子一一对应。
词典中,对于“Parallelism”,即“(句子)排比,平行结构”是这样解释的:In grammar, parallelism is a balance of two or more similar words, phrases, or clauses. The application of parallelism in sentence construction can sometimes improve writing style, clearness, and readability.
语法中的平行句子元素就像几何学中的平行线一样:它们面向同一个方向,而且永远不会相遇。
来看这个句子:
After work, I ran to the store, went to the library, and I needed to go to the dry cleaner’s.
把它翻译一下就是下班后,我跑到商店,去了图书馆,我需要去干洗店。是不是完全没有那种flow的感觉?读起来有些拗口。
原因是它使用了错误的平行结构。如果我们分析一下这个句子,就会发现有两个动词短语是以过去式动词开始的(ran和went)。然而,这一系列中的第三项信息是一个分句(and I needed to go to the dry cleaner’s)。这种短语和分句的混杂句是很尴尬的
让我们来看一个改进后的版本:
After work, I ran to the store, went to the library, and dropped off some clothes at the dry cleaner’s.
下班后,我跑到商店,去了图书馆,并在干洗店放下了一些衣服。是不是明显流畅很多,读起来也没有那么别扭了。
这个句子包含正确的平行结构,因为句子中每一项都以过去式动词开始(run, went,dropped off)。
让我们来做一个小练习:
My dog loves to get in the garbage, to dig in the yard and bark at the neighbors.
分析:这个句子也含有错误的平行关系。get和dig都是不定式,但bark是一个现在时的动词。
修改:My dog loves to get in the garbage, to dig in the yard and to bark at the neighbors.
如何使用平行结构?
连接词比如for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so等的连接形式一定是相同的结构
最基本的结构有:
words to words:most children like cookies and milk.
phrases to phrases: the gold is hidden at the beach or by the lakeside.
clauses to clauses: what you say and what you do are two different things.
像下面这个句子就犯了使用了连接词但没有相同结构的错误:
The tribes emphasized collective survival(parallel), mutual aid(parallel), and being responsible for one another(not parallel).
前面的两个元素都是名词结构,第三个元素变成了非谓语的结构,很明显这不符合平行结构的要求~那么我们如何修改呢?
正确形式为:The tribes emphasized collective survival(parallel), mutual aid(parallel), and responsibility for one another.
将形容词性也改为和前面两个元素统一的名词即可。
X is more than / better than Y 其中X和Y也遵循相同的平行结构
比如I like swimming better than to dive. 其中的swimming和to dive为两个不对称元素,我们可以改为I like swimming better than diving.
这些成对的连接词也需要在每个连接词之后有相等的平行结构。
比如Clara not only wants money but also fame. 这句话中的but also 后为宾语,那么为了保持平行结构在not only后面也应为宾语。
正确形式为:Clara wants not only money but also fame. 或者 Clara not only wants mney but also wants fame.