雅思备考:雅思写作中的地图写作题
雅思考试中有一类地图写作题,题干会提供一幅或者多幅地图,要求考生就某个特定区域在不同时间所发生的变化做出对比,并按照一定逻辑关系写成文章。这类题目有些难度,不少同学在写作时常出现描写不清楚、语言组织混乱的情况,导致得分不理想。今天我们就来谈谈看雅思如何应对这类地图写作题。
我们先以一篇学生习作为例。这篇写作的要求是描写一个大学体育场馆前后的变化,原题要求如下:
The plan below shows the layout of a university’s sports center now, and how it will look after redevelopment. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
我们先看一下这两个图所表现的区别:
1. 保持不变的地方:reception, the 25 m pool, changing room on the west side of the pool, and seating on the east side of the pool.
2. 发生变化的地方:西边的outdoor courts更改成了leisure pool, 在南边增加了changing room;东边的outdoor courts更改成了sports hall 和两个dance studios, 东南角增加了changing room;以reception为观察点,地图的西南角增加了sports shop, 东南角增加了café。
那么,从哪里开始总结这些变与不变的信息更合适呢?一个比较明显的线索是从reception开始写,可以先写保持不变的区域,然后再写变化的项目。在这个过程中,方位的表达是一个重要的写作难点。
我们先看一下这位同学的习作:
The picture illustrates the present arrangement of the sports center and its future look. Generally, the sports center will be completely constructed to be indoor, with more changing rooms and entertaining services.
Hardly any changes will be made at the area where the present indoor center is located. The position of the pool, changing room, seating and the gym almost remains the same. However, the gym will extend east and the reception areas will expand, mainly for building a sports shop and a café at the entrance.
The two outdoor courts will be removed for the expansion of the indoor center. A sports hall will be added on the south of the gym, right beside the seating. Two additional rooms for dancing will be at the far east of the center. Another swimming pool for leisure purpose will be built on the west of the old changing room. There will be two more changing rooms in the southern corners of the center.
Overall, the mode of the university’s sports center will switch to be more convenient and relaxing, considering weather issues, meanwhile offering more choices of exercising for college students.
可以看出,该同学的英文写作能力整体不错,对变化的解读比较全面。但存在的问题也不少,除了一些语法错误外,描写逻辑混乱是一个较为突出的问题,尤其是方位描写缺少章法,显得零散且不够严谨。我们可以试着一边分析问题,一边进行修改。
这篇习作的第一段整体描述了两张地图中的不同作者对较大的变化进行了概括,原作尚可,仅需在个别词句上稍加完善。
The plans illustrate the present features of the sports center and how it will look after redevelopment. Generally speaking, the sports center will be completely constructed to be an indoor center, with more changing rooms and facilities added.
第二段中,作者把变化与不变放在一起,文章读起来显得有些凌乱。我们可以尝试把entrance作为观察和写作的起点,把“不变”作为重点,重新组织一下语言。
The entrance is in the middle of the southern side. Upon entering, one can see the reception directly. Right behind the reception is a 25 meter-long pool which has a seating area to its east and a changing room to its west. All these facilities remain unchanged in the future plan.
下一段中,我们可以很自然地把重点放在对“变化”的具体描述上。但在描述这些变化的时候,作者一定要注意内在的逻辑,并可以考虑按照一定的方位顺序来描写,例如顺时针或逆时针顺序、由远及近或由近及远的顺序等。同时,在描述的过程中,有的同学也许会纠结是否需要事无巨细地厘清所有不同,比如两个新增studios的“竖排”方式。我们的建议是,其实不需要涉及所有的细节信息,题目要求作者概括main features, 我们只需要把明显的变化总结出来即可。我们可以就第三段做出如下修改:
In the new plan, the gym north of the pool will be expanded eastward. The outdoor court east of the pool is to be redeveloped into a sports hall and two dance studios. A changing room is to be added to the south of these new amenities. An adjacent café will be added to the west of this new changing room. The outdoor court to the west of the pool will also be removed to make room for a leisure pool, with a new changing room and a sports shop added to the south of it.
最后一段中,我们按照题干的要求,对主要的变化适当进行总结即可,并没有必要对这些变化作出评价,也不需要揣测、分析背后的原因。
Overall, the future plans will transform the present sports center into a multi-functional indoor center with better facilities.
以上针对这篇习作所做的变动,只是诸多修改方案中的一种。这类题目写作的难点在于写作逻辑要清晰,方位表达要准确,内容信息要简洁。同学们可以在自己的写作中尝试利用介词熟练掌握方位的表达,具体呈现物体间的相对位置关系,并增强内容描述时的空间逻辑意识。
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