【托福口语】托福中抽象类题目中的抽象表达
题型剖析
从严格意义上来讲，我们很难将抽象类题目定义为一种题型。因为在不同的话题中，我们都有可能会遇到题干中出现抽象的名词/形容词以及其他抽象表达等。比较经典的抽象类题目往往会围绕着成功（success/successful）展开，因为不同的人对于成功有着不同的定义和想法，因此拿到这样的题目时总是会有同学陷入纠结或者不知道该从何答起。这也是抽象题目的难点所在，因为题目不够具体，所以同学们往往很难找到一个具体的切入点。
举个栗子1
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Schools should encourage students to be creative and imaginative in order for the students to be successful.(20160228)
题目解读1
题干中的几个形容词可以说是抽象表达的典型了，比如说successful/creative/imaginative。学生成功的表现是什么？是在学习方面有着骄人的成绩（academic performance）？还是德智体美全面发展（all-rounded development）？还是在学校里深受同学的欢迎（a well-liked person）？
有创造力和想象力的意思又是什么？是学生总能够想到新鲜的想法（come up with new ideas）或者说用有创造性地思维解决问题（think outside the box）？然后再来搭建成功学生和有创造力/想象力之间的关联。凡此种种，我们都会发现为了把题目回答的更加清楚且补充必要的details，我们需要做的事情是先将题干中的抽象表达做具体解释。
举个栗子2
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?If you want to be successful in running a business,being outgoing and friendly is very important.（20220626）
题目解读2
与上一个题目类似，这一题题干中的successful/outgoing/friendly对应也可以细化不同的表现。不过与上一个题目不同的是，这个题目脱离校园场景，更加关注工作/职场。因此，我们需要先来想how to run a business successfully？
然后再来思考being outgoing and friendly和这个结果之间的关联是什么。比如说要想成功经营一个企业，我们自然需要对外和客户维持良好的关系（maintain strong relationships with clients），对内要维系好和员工之间的关系，营造一个和谐的工作氛围来提高生产力。同样地，我们需要做的事情还是先将题干中的抽象表达做具体解释。
举个例子3
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:The best way to learn a skill is by teaching others that skill?(20230325)
题目解读3
这个题目我们会发现不像之前的题目一样，不再有非常明确的抽象表达。不过，当我们读完题干之后，其实大家会发现脑海中也并不会有一个清晰的画面。
（举个反例：When watching movies and television shows with friends and family,some people prefer that everyone remain quiet until the end.Other people enjoy talking and sharing opinions during the movies and shows.Which do you prefer?Explain why.当我们读完这个题目后，脑海中可能已经出现了和朋友一起看电影/追剧的画面，或是叽叽喳喳一起讨论剧情，或是全身心投入一言不发。如果大家读完一个题目脑海中没有一个具象的画面的话，大家都可以尝试把题干中可能通过how&what细化的内容来具体化一下。）
因此，对于这个题目而言，我们可以先来细化skill～
比如说是independent skills/communication skills，还是更具体的playing the guitar/skiing/skateboarding？然后再来去想learning&teaching都需要做什么，进而去判断教是不是最好的学。与之类似的还有problems等词，可以先细化问题具体是什么，再根据题干做进一步分析。
常用解决办法
抽象表达具体化
-what：
如果题干中涉及到名词比如：
problems/skills/opinions/advice等，我们可以优先想具体内容是什么，涉及到的领域可以包括学习/工作/生活。
比如说如果题目问我们当遇到困难时是倾向于自己解决还是向他人寻求帮助时，我们可以优先想遇到的问题是什么？是和学习/工作相关？还是日常生活中会遇到的难题？然后，再来去想自己能否解决这些问题以及他人的建议对应是什么？
-how：
如果题干中涉及到形容词比如：
successful/knowledgeable/independent/humorous等，我们可以优先想如何做才能达到这些形容词所表示的状态，涉及的领域就根据题目来做对应就好。
比如说如果题目中问我们老医生是否比年轻医生更加knowledgeable，那我们就可以先来去想how to be knowledgeable？比如说多做研究发表文章？接诊不同的病人？多和病人家属打交道等。在此基础上，再来判断新老医生再各自的领域有何区别。
举个栗子1
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Schools should encourage students to be creative and imaginative in order for the students to be successful.(20160228)
分析：题目问我们为了让学生更加成功，学校是不是应该鼓励学生变得有创造力和想象力。正如我们前面分析的一样，题干读完，只是觉得题目很有创造力。对于题干我们可以先来列一个公式：creative+imaginative=successful。
因此，具体化抽象表达时，我们可以先从结果分析起，先给【successful】下定义，再来定义【creative+imaginative】
比如说成功的学生职业发展往往风生水起，对应有创造力的表现就是能够具有批判性思维和创造性思维来解决问题；成功的学生往往很受欢迎，而富有想象力和创造力的表现是能够在沟通时清晰/有趣的表达自己的想法，容易与他人沟通建立良好的关系。
【sample response】
I agree with this statement.Encouraging students to be creative and imaginative fosters critical thinking,problem-solving abilities,and innovation.These skills are highly valued and can contribute to success in students’career development.When students are encouraged to think outside the box and explore new ideas,they develop the ability to find unique solutions to challenges,like designing a new product.Furthermore,creativity and imagination can enhance communication skills,promote self-expression,and cultivate a sense of curiosity and passion for learning.To be specific,it can empower students and equip them with essential skills for becoming popular among others.
举个栗子2
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?If you want to be successful in running a business,being outgoing and friendly is very important.（20220626）
分析：对于这个题干我们同样也可以先来列一个公式：outgoing+friendly=successful in running a business，因此，具体化抽象表达时，我们可以先从结果分析起，先给【successful】下定义，再来定义【outgoing+friendly】，不过这个题由于outgoing+friendly都属于personalities且大家的认知偏差并不大，所以下定义的重点可以放在successful上面。
比如说成功的企业往往拥有大量的忠实用户、高质量的员工、良好的工作氛围、质量极佳的产品和服务。然后我们再来思考这些成功的表现与friendly/outgoing之间的关系，比如说外向的性格一方面更容易建立起人脉，吸引优质客户，另一方面能够和员工保持良好的关系，营造一个和谐的工作氛围。
【sample response】
I agree with this statement.Building and maintaining strong relationships with customers,clients,and partners is crucial in the business world.Being outgoing and friendly enables effective networking,establishes trust,and fosters positive interactions with others.It can enhance customer satisfaction,lead to repeat business,generate positive word-of-mouth referrals and attract loyal customers.Additionally,an outgoing and friendly demeanor can help in negotiations,collaborations,and team building.By creating a positive and welcoming environment,it becomes easier to attract and retain talented individuals who can be valuable assets in establishing and growing a successful venture.
举个例子3
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement:The best way to learn a skill is by teaching others that skill?(20230325)
分析：这个题目快速解题的方法就是先具体某种skill，然后再来去谈学/教的过程，进而论证教是最好的学。（tips：1.对于这种明显说理有难度的题目，要记得举例子哦2.关于题干中的the best way如果我们能够论证清楚教别人是一种很好的学习方式就可以，没有必要一定要去论证它是最好的一种）
【sample response】
I agree with this statement.Teaching others a skill can deepen one's understanding and mastery of that skill.When we teach others,we are required to break down complex concepts into simpler explanations,which forces us to think critically and organize our knowledge.Let's say I have been learning to play the guitar for a while,and I have developed a decent level of proficiency.However,to truly master the instrument,I decide to start teaching beginners.As I guide and instruct them in the basics of playing the guitar,I am required to analyze and articulate the techniques,chords,and music theory involved.In the process,I start noticing subtle nuances,develop a deeper understanding of the instrument,and improve my own skills.
小试牛刀
上面的思路同学们是否有理解呢，可以尝试用下面五道题来检验一下哦～
20230506-Your university is organizing a series of guest lectures.Some people think that speakers with controversial opinions should not be invited to speak at the university.Others believe that the university should feature a variety of speakers,regardless of their opinions.Which point of view do you agree with?Explain why,using details and examples in your response.
20221217-Some people think it is very important in life to become well-liked by many people.Others think being popular is less important than many other goals.Which view do you agree with?
20221210-Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?It is much easier for parents to raise children today than it was 50 years ago.
20220731-Some people think it is important to wear in a fashionable way,others think it is unnecessary to wear fashionable,which do you prefer and why?
20220521-Some people think that risk-taking activities such as rock-climbing and rock dividing requires a lot of bravery,while others think this is not brave,but simply foolish.which view do you agree with?Explain why?
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