托福阅读·长难句解析：多重并列
长难句，一直是阻碍同学们阅读读高分的绊脚石。
很多同学在阅读的时候，只是机械地把英文逐字地翻译成中文，而没有真正理解. 读到后面时，已经忘记前面内容。
今天的长难句是来自 托福2023年阅读真题
长难句讲解：
That said,there can be no doubt that the empire suffered a dramatic economic contraction during the seventh and eighth centuries, and the population declined significantly, partly as the result of a declining birth rate in times of stress and partly from repeated outbreaks of disease,which had begun in the sixth century and returned many times until the middle of the eighth century.(60字)
这一句的难点在于：多个and并列对象的寻找；后置修饰成分长.
难度系数：
文字详细分析：
第一步：
同学们可以自己先划分句子成分，
再看小编的划分。
That said, there can be no doubt that the empire suffered a dramatic economic contraction during the seventh and eighth centuries, and the population declined significantly,/ partly as the result of a declining birth rate in times of stress and partly from repeated outbreaks of disease,/ which had begun in the sixth century and returned many times until the middle of the eighth century.
本句可以简单分为3个部分：
1. 主干；
2. partly .. 状语结构;
3. which 从句
(一) 主干部分（主干+表语从句）：
That said, there can be no doubt that the empire suffered a dramatic economic contraction during the seventh and eighth centuries, and the population declined significantly,
分析:
主干比较短，所以和宾语从句划在在一起分析
(1) 主干句: That said, there can be no doubt + that 表语从句
-含义：话虽如此，毫无疑问，有...
：that said. 即便如此，引出一个对立,或者不同的观点。
：no doubt. 毫无疑问.
(2). 表语从句：that the empire + suffered a dramatic economic contraction+during the seventh and eighth centuries, + and the population + declined significantly,
1. be 动词后加 that 从句= 表语从句. 用法和含义跟宾语从句相似。
2. that从句结构是：... and ... 并列了2个句子.
① 句子1： the empire + suffered + a dramatic economic contractioin + (时间状语：duiring the seventh and eighth centuries)
② 句子2：the population + declined signficantly.
: 因为and 后是一个完整的句子( the population + declined signficantly. ) 所以跟它并列的必然也是一个完整的句子，所以只能跟前面的句子( the empire + suffered + a dramatic economic contractioin... ) 并列.
含义：话虽如此，毫无疑问，帝国在七世纪和八世纪期间经历了剧烈的经济紧缩/衰退，人口也显著减少。
contraction. n. 收缩. 紧缩
(二) partly 状语从句
, partly as the result of a declining birth rate in times of stress and partly from repeated outbreaks of disease,
分析:
(1). 主要结构是：partly as the result of...and partly from.. 并列2个原因状语结构。来解释上文 the population + declined significantly 的2个原因。
：同样还是看and 后结构（partly from...）是个介词from的短语结构,所以跟它并列的也必须是介词短语结构= partly as the result of ..
(2) partly as the result of + a declining birth rate + in times of stress
partly. adv. 在一定程度上；部分地
declining. adj. 下降的
in times of... 在..时期
(3) partly from repeated outbreaks of disease,
from. 介词. 因为
repeated. adj. 不停的/一再重复的.
outbreak. n. (可数名词) 爆发
-含义是： 人口也显著减少，(减少的)部分(原因)是由于压力(困难)时期出生率下降， 部分(原因)是疾病的反复爆发。
(三) which 定语从句
...., which had begun in the sixth century and returned many times until the middle of the eighth century.
分析:
(1) which 定语从句，根据上下文语意，which = repeated outbreaks of disease, 所以这句话是在具体解释前面的 反复爆发的疾病的具体情况。
(2) ... and ... 并列前后的谓语动词: had begun ... and returned...
含义是：这些疾病开始于六世纪，并一直多次复发直至八世纪中叶.
第二步：梳理含义和逻辑
整个句子的含义： 话虽如此，毫无疑问，在七世纪和八世纪期间，帝国经历了剧烈的经济收缩/衰退，人口也显著减少。人口减少部分是由于在压力时期出生率的下降，部分是由于疾病的反复爆发所致。这些疾病始于六世纪，并一直多次复发直至八世纪中叶。
逻辑含义：整个句子在分析帝国所经历的一些问题和其原因。
总结：
1. 句子结构比较破碎，and 比较多的时候，一定要根据and后面的内容，反向确认and并列的内容，确保句子成分划分清楚。
2.
：that said. 即便如此，引出一个对立,或者不同的观点。
：no doubt. 毫无疑问.
contraction. n. 收缩. 紧缩
partly. adv. 在一定程度上；部分地
declining. adj. 下降的
in times of... 在..时期
from. 介词. 因为
repeated. adj. 不停的/一再重复的.
outbreak. n. (可数名词) 爆发
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