托福阅读推断题解题技巧【因果逻辑】
【认识推断题】
托福阅读考试中，有一类考察学生推理能力的题目，即推断题，很多考生都觉得推断题属于较难的阅读题目，且整体的错误率会高于其他的题目类型。托福官方指南（OG）中ETS对推断题做了明确的定义：考查学生对阅读文章中表示强烈建议但绝不明确说明（strongly implied but not explicitly stated in the text）的内容理解程度，题目考查形式一般为：
1.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraphs 2 and 3 about geothermal reservoirs?
2.Paragraph 4 implies which of the following about the transformation in rail transportation?
3.In paragraph 3, the author’s explanation of the word “tyranny” indicates that
4. What does paragraph 3 suggest about long-term memory in children?
也就是题干当中出现了inferred，implies，indicates，suggest这几个词都可以判定为推断题。
【推断题的本质】
理解推断题的性质：
推断题要求学生从给定的文章中推断出没有直接给出但可以通过理解和逻辑关系得出的信息。这需要学生不仅理解文章的表面信息，还能深入理解文章的内在含义和逻辑关系。
掌握解题技巧：
推断题是特殊的细节题，做推断题的方式和方法和做细节题是一样的，先根据题干定位词找到文中的关键信息和线索。具体步骤 ---- 找到题干信息的关键词语/定位词、理解关键词所在句子和前后句之间的逻辑关系，以及识别可能的推断线索；同时，做推断题和细节题一样，始终把段落的主旨放在心里，使得思考的方向不发生偏差；最后，通过对比和排除错误选项得出正确的答案，排除法在推断题中是一种非常好用的方法（因为错误选项的特征有些时候非常的明显）。
提高阅读理解能力：
就像我上课经常会和学生强调的，想要托福阅读高分就必须提高自己的阅读理解能力 ---- 提高词汇量，语法长难句分析能力，句子之间逻辑关系分析的能力，文章的理解速度和深度；所以托福阅读推断题的解决也离不开高效和准确的阅读理解能力，学生需要大量的练习来提升这个能力，不能将希望都寄托在做题的技巧上。
【推断题考点】
推断题常常会涉及到的逻辑考点主要有：比较逻辑、举例逻辑、因果逻辑这三大类，“特殊推断题”考察的其实就是细节题，今天主要和大家分享一下推断题因果逻辑的考法。
托福阅读推断题考点3: 因果逻辑
因果关系，已知原因R，导致结果C。考的是原因的改写，并不是真正去做推理，也就是正确的选项等于这个原文提到的原因R的同义改写。和细节题很像，只不过细节题是直接找原因就好，定位词在原文能找到，但是推断题，是间接的，没有直接给。具体可以看下面的例题。
【推断题因果逻辑例题】
Paragraph 4: It requires a great deal of energy to make so many seeds, so much energy that it is unlikely that a pinyon population could produce such a bumper seed crop every year. More important, however, it would be to the severe disadvantage of the trees to produce large seed crops annually, even if they could. Doing so would make the resource not only abundant but also predictable. Seed predators could, over the years, steadily build their populations, eventually increasing so much that they could, indeed, consume virtually all of the seeds. It is much more adaptive for the plants to produce seed cornucopias intermittently. Doing so has several major advantages. First, energy can be stored for some years and then devoted to cone and seed production, ensuring adequate energy to produce a large seed crop. Second, seed-predator populations will decline in years of low seed production, either through starvation, reduced reproduction, or emigration. Pinyons in most areas have a roughly six-year interval between heavy seed crops.
6. It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that the reason the pinyon jay population in an area declines for several years in succession is that
A. After several years during which pinyon trees produce no seeds, there are not enough young pinyon trees producing seeds to feed the jays
B. For several years after a heavy seed crop, pinyon pines stop producing enough seeds to support a large population of jays
C. For several years in succession, pinyon jays spend most of their energy in collecting and burying seeds rather than in reproducing
D. Over a period of several years, the pinyon jays in an area are displaced by other seed-predator species
解题思路：
先分析题目，我们可以知道这里在问reason，所以去原文要找因果逻辑，但是这题是推断题，也就是原文的这个reason是不会直接说的，它一定是通过其他的描述给到你线索，你通过这个线索可以推断出原因，这就是推断题和细节题细微区别。
那么做题的方法还是一样的，根据题目问的pinyon jay population in an area declines for several years in succession去定位，定位到出题句 seed-predator populations will decline in years of low seed production。这里low seed production结合前面可以知道，指的是It is much more adaptive for the plants to produce seed cornucopias intermittently，而不是produce large seed crops annually，这里的意思是：pinyon plants 间断性地（几年中的一年）会大量地产种子，而不是每年都产大量的种子（每年大产量产种子会使得它的predators的数量稳定增加，然后消耗掉所有的seeds，对plants不利）；这样predators的数量就会在非大量产种子的年份减少，这里你可以推断出predators数量减少的原因是，seeds的数量在减产的年份减少了，那pinyon jay是一种predator，所以它的population减少的原因就是B。
错误选项分析：
A. After several years during which pinyon trees produce no seeds, there are not enough young pinyon trees producing seeds to feed the jays 无中生有+关系错误，原文说的是low seed production，并不是 no seeds，其次也没有说到young pinyon trees
C. For several years in succession, pinyon jays spend most of their energy in collecting and burying seeds rather than in reproducing 无中生有
D. Over a period of several years, the pinyon jays in an area are displaced by other seed-predator species 无中生有
这里干扰性较强的是A选项，当你犹豫的时候，把两个选项对比一下，找出区别，再去和原文做对应，你会发现B选项和原文更一致，stop producing enough seeds = low seed production。正确选项是对原文的同义改写
【总结】
托福考试中的推断题要求你推断出不是直接陈述的，而是隐含的或可以从上下文中推断出的信息。多练习和分析同一类型的题目会帮助你去认识到此类问题的出题思路，因此提高回答此类问题的能力。
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