托福写作中的常见错误_托福写作
随着新托福考试的持续升温，越来越多考生发现新托福写作成为了制约他们考出理想成绩的一大障碍。在接下来的文章中，我将就托福综合写作的常见错误进行深入探讨并给出迅速分数的“捷径”。
1. no reference of the passage
新托福的写作都是以0-5分作为评分范围的，然后再折算成30分的分数。首先我们有必要看一下4分和3分的评分标准的差别：
4分的要求是：
A response at this level is generally good in selecting the important information from the lecture and in coherently and accurately presenting this information in relation to the relevant information in the reading, but it may have minor omission, inaccuracy, vagueness, or imprecision of some content from the lecture or in connection to points made in the reading. A response is also scored at this level if it has more frequent or noticeable minor language errors, as long as such usage and grammatical structures do not result in anything more than an occasional lapse of clarity or in the connection of ideas.
下面我们再来对比下3分的要求：
A response at this level contains some important information from the lecture andconveys some relevant connection to the reading, but it is marked by one or more of the following:
Although the overall response is definitely oriented to the task, it conveys onlyvague, global, unclear, or somewhat imprecise connection of the points made in the lecture to points made in the reading.
The response may omit one major key point made in the lecture.
Some key points made in the lecture or reading, or connections between the two, may be incomplete, inaccurate, or imprecise.
Errors of usage and/or grammar may be more frequent or may result in noticeably vague expressions or obscured meanings in conveying ideas and connections.
从上述的2个评分标准来看，划线的部分对于托福作文和阅读信息的关联有很明确的说明，4分的要求中可以允许有一些不够准确、含糊其辞的描述，但是总体必须要正确；而3分的要求则降低了这一标准。但是现实情况是，考生在平时训练中或者在考试时，基本不去关联阅读的信息，甚至对于阅读的内容只字不提。其实这样做是很吃亏的，大家都知道在考试的时候阅读原文是可以看到的，尽管综合写作的主要内容是以讲座信息为主，但是如果一味地描述在讲座中的观点，而忽略了和阅读文章的关系，那么分数一般不会超过3分。下面我们就来看一个例子：
The lecture and the paragraph are completely contradictory. First of all, the lecture says that the work of the group is going to be recognized in a whole, not individually, giving no space for this last. Second, the lecture says that the work is going to take more time once that the group is going to take more discussions and take time to decide how they are going to proceed within the group work. Besides that, the one who leads the group has the power, somehow, to see if the discussion is going to proceed or if it is going to be hidden, and, in this way, make his/her personal desire kept in front of the others. We can also percept that as a group there will be someone who’s going to carry the group on their back and there will be others who will be static without doing even a single thing. By these points of view we can see that there are advantages and disadvantages in group working.
请注意这篇综合写作划线的连词，各自引出了讲座中的三个分论点，论点内容基本上都讲清楚了，但是作者始终未能将这些信息和阅读的不同关联起来，因此，我们得出的结论是，如果只是“单边”论述讲座观点，毫无联系阅读观点的话综合写作得分一般只有3分或以下。
2. no connections between paragraphs or sentences
其实这个问题在托福大作文中也是屡见不鲜，但是在综合写作中尤为突出。刚才我们已经看过了3-4分的评分标准，因此我们知道结构对于综合写作来说是何等重要。而要准确把结构表现出来，我们就需要使用合理的连词或者连接手段。上面这篇作文中划线的就是最常用的连接词，其实我们并不需要使用很复杂很的连接手段，只需要使用准确的表示并列或者递进的连词即可。上面这篇文章在这一点上做得还是很不错的。可是有些同学就会问这篇作文没有分段，全部写在一个段落中，这样的布局是否也可以。根据ETS的官方回答，即使只写一段，但是只要阅卷者可以找出其中的逻辑连词，发现其句子联系，也是可以的。不过我还是建议大家在写的时候要注意分段，开头、中间、结尾加起来一共写5段，这样层次比较鲜明。同时，句子之间的逻辑关系也要通过连词准确表达出来，比如3个主体段开头，都要用一些表示递进和并列的连词来引导，或者也可以使用固定“套句”来引出。此外，像表示列举的first、second、third、moreover、besides、in addition、additionally、furthermore、also、on the other hand以及表示相反关系的on the contrary、conversely、in contrast、however、yet、but等连词以及主系表或表语从句等表示逻辑关系的句型，在平时训练中要多多使用，并且要确保使用得足够准确。所以，在写综合写作作文时，我们首先要保证文章内容必须和阅读进行关联，同时也要确保句子和句子以及段落和段落间的逻辑关系必须得到准确描述。
