10月12日托福考情回顾，阅读难哭？
10月12日托福考试落下帷幕
考情速递也已经出炉了！
学术讨论写作有难度
口语押中原题！
同学们觉得这次考得如何？
期待备考同学们都能顺利上岸！
备考的同学速速集合！
快来看看本场具体考了哪些内容吧
【上午场】考情回忆
阅读
R1
光线的穿透决定了海洋生物的分布和生态平衡
1. 在大海中, 光线的穿透和分层对生物的分布和生存有着显著影响。首先, 光线在水中的穿透能力与其波长有关。长波长的光线如红色和黄色, 在水的表层即被吸收, 导致在15米以下红光和橙光基本消失。光线的衰减不仅受波长影响, 还受到水中颗粒的反射作用。其中, 蓝色光线穿透力最强, 使得海水在视觉上呈现蓝色。在纯净海水中, 光线可达到100米至200米深, 但只有大约10%的光能抵达50米以下。通常, 光线在深水中迅速衰减。
海洋生态系统的不同层次体现了生物对光依赖的不同程度。在海洋的最上层, 许多生物呈现蓝色, 这有助于反射紫外线, 保护身体。这一层不仅有能够反射紫外线的生物, 还有能够进行光合作用的植物和动物, 它们是海洋生物链的基础。光合作用使这些生物能够利用水和二氧化碳产生能量, 支持生长和繁殖。当它们死亡后, 成为其他动物的食物, 从而将能量在生态系统中传递。
而在水下40米左右, 绝大多数的光线已经无法穿透, 光线进一步下降至只有1%时, 生物仅能维持基本生活需求, 难以支持繁殖和生长, 这通常发生在200米左右的深度。超过这一深度, 海洋进入一个几乎完全黑暗的环境, 光线无法到达。尽管如此, 在水下1000米至4000米的深海区域, 仍然存在着适应黑暗环境的生物, 包括一些微生物和食腐动物。这些生物依赖于从上层水域沉降下来的营养物质。
光线的变化不仅影响生物的分布和生存, 还可能导致水层温度的变化, 进而影响光的折射。总的来说, 海洋生态系统是一个高度复杂且互相依赖的体系, 其中光的分布和衰减对生态系统内的生物种类、分布及其发展起着关键作用。
R2
气候变化和资源短缺深刻影响了古代社会的稳定与发展
在中东地区的历史上，社会和技术发展受到了多个因素的影响，尤其是在从青铜时代向铁器时代的过渡期间。埃及曾遭受一系列的入侵，这在一定程度上可以归咎于它仅拥有青铜器而缺乏更先进的铁器，使得拥有铁器的国家能够轻易对其构成威胁。此外，气候变化也对这一时期的社会产生了深远的影响。持续的干旱和北半球温度的上升导致了农作物种植的大变化，进而影响了当地文明的稳定性。连续的干旱导致粮食供应减少，外族入侵和内部食物供给问题给中东地区的社会带来了剧烈的影响。
不仅在中东，气候变化对古代社会的影响也在其他地区显现。例如，欧洲在过渡到铁器时代时人口出现下降，尽管铁器的出现是在人口下降之后，但气候变化与欧洲北部人民命运之间的联系仍不明确。寒冷的气候可能影响了从青铜时代到铁器时代农业耕种的转变。
北美的考古学家发现，气候波动对古代社会造成了压力，低人口密度和短贸易距离表明，气候变化，如洪水，对当地产生了重大影响。由于当时对气候的记录非常有限，防洪措施可能不足，对农作物生产和食物供给造成了破坏。
值得注意的是，即使在面临干旱和食物供给问题时，中东国家利用铁器的先进性发动了重大战役并获得胜利。然而，当这些问题变得严重时，即便是利用了铁器的先进技术，也未能阻止这些王国的快速崩塌。这表明，气候变化和资源短缺能在根本上影响古代社会的稳定与发展。
听力
C1
学生向老师咨询选课时间冲突相关的问题。
L1
年轻干旱期（Younger Dryas ）时候的地球生态环境
L2
蒙古帝国（Mongol Empire）的游牧生活和贸易
C2
学生与教授讨论莎士比亚戏剧相关。
L3
有关某类海洋生物是否为濒危物种的确定
L4
艺术创作中“黄金比例”的重要性
口语
TASK 1 独立口语题
Your university is organizing a series of guest lectures. Some people think that speakers with controversial opinions should not be invited to speak at the university. Others believe that the university should feature a variety of speakers, regardless of their opinions. Which point of view do you agree with? Explain why, using details and examples in your response. （2023.5.6）
TASK 2 校园题
A professor proposes that the university should restrict access to the garden and only allow researchers. Because this can ensure the protection of the plants so botany department can conduct research. Plus, there are other parks near the town for student to enjoy the outdoors.
The speaker disagrees with the proposal, however. Because the students are unaware that the plants need to be protected in the garden. If the students are better informed of the rules, they will be careful and stop disturbing the plants and flowers.
Additionally, the parks are not that easy to get to, since it’s too far to walk there. Most students don’t own cars and there is no public transportation. It would be a shame to take away this beautiful spot they have.
TASK 3 学术讲座题
Distinction Bias
When making decisions about what products to buy, people must often choose between very similar products that have only minor differences. When the options are presented simultaneously, so they can be viewed side by side, people end to exaggerate the distinction, or differences between hem. This is known as the distinction bias While the differences between the options would not be noticeable if each were evaluated separately, the fact that the options are presented together makes the differences between them seem greater. The distinction bias can lead people to make bad buying decisions, since they may place too much significance on what are actually small differences.
For example, the professor went to buy a TV. The salesperson introduced two models, which were placed next to each other. It appeared that one TV obviously had a brighter, clearer image, but it cost 100$ more than the other one. The professor went with the more expensive model. But, a few weeks later, the professor went to visit a friend and found out that he had the other model. He thought this model actually looked great. The image was just as clear as the TV that he just bought. So he began to reflect on why he would spend that much money when the cheaper option looked just as great.
TASK 4 学术讲座题
Using the examples of bats and sloths from the lecture, explain two adaptations for hanging upside down.
There are two adaptations that help animals to hang upside down more comfortably without spending too much energy.
The first adaptations can help them hold on while they're hanging. Certain body features are adjusted to make it easy for these animals to hang upside down while saving energy.
For example, bats’ tendons of their back feet have a special adaptation that allow them to be locked onto a branch without effort. Even when they are sleeping, their feet stay wrapped around the branch.
The second adaptations is to make breathing easier. This is because when animals are in an reversed position, the gravity pulls the organs downward, pressing on lungs, which leads to labored breathing, since expanding the lungs takes more effort.
For example, sloths spend a lot of time hanging upside down. Their internal organs actually are connected to the chest, which means they are unlikely to press the lungs, allowing sloths to breath easily.
写作
综合写作
阅读部分：
Through human actions and loss of habitat, the number of wolves in the United States has dropped substantially over the past 200 years. In large parts of the American West, wolves completely disappeared. Recently environmental researchers have tried to try to restore the wolf population to its former state in some locations by importing wolves from areas where they are still plentiful. However, reintroducing wolves in national parks and rural areas carries several risks.
One problem is that wolves are highly effective predators, and their reintroduction upsets the balance of the local ecosystem. In Yellowstone National Park, for example,the elk population declined by more than 50 percent during the first fifteen years after wolves were introduced. (Elk are large plant-caters that influence the growth of many plants and provide food for predators other than wolves, such as bears.)
A second problem is that wolves present an economic threat in the areas where they are introduced. For example, there are quite a few livestock ranches that border nature reserves and state parks where wolves have been reintroduced. Wolves have been known to attack large livestock such as sheep. Thus, many ranchers fear that the reintroduction of wolves will result in serious economic losses for them.
A third problem is that wolves present a direct danger to humans. Wolf packs tend to do well in the environments in which they are introduced, so their population grows over time, and eventually they spread into new territory, places where they come into more frequent contact with people. This is especially true in national parks, where people gather to explore and appreciate nature. Introducing wolves to these areas creates a serious risk for the people who visit the areas or live in them.
听力部分：
Actually reintroducing wolves in some areas is a good idea. The concerns you read about in the passage are not very serious.
First, it's true that reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone park reduced the elk population. But it's not true that this harmed the ecosystem. On the contrary. You see, originally more than 100 years ago, both elk and wolves lived in the Yellowstone ecosystem. But when the wolves disappeared from Yellowstone, the elk population became unnaturally large. The elk started over grazing the vegetation in the park.endangering many plants that were important in that ecosystem. Bringing woods back to Yellowstone has actually restored the natural balance in the park. It stopped the overgrazing of vegetation by the Elks, and because of that, many important plants were able to recover.
The passage also claims that ranchers are afraid they will lose a lot of their sheep and other livestock to wolves. Well, wolves typically attack farm animals only if their natural wild food is too scarce, but wild animals that wolves prey on are plentiful in the areas where the wolves have been reintroduced. Even if some wolves do harm livestock, the rancher is paid for damages out of a government fund. So in practice, there is no real economic threat to farmers from the introduction of wolves.
Third, wolves posing a danger to humans. People tend to be afraid of wolves just like they're afraid of any large predator. What's probably contributing to the sphere is that since the reintroductions people who have been hearing wolves in areas where wolves haven't lived for many decades, wolves howling is very loud and can sound very frightening if you're not used to it. But the fear of wolves is not really based. On fact,there have been very few documented wolf attacks on humans in the United States.And none of them involved reintroduced wolves.
学术讨论
This week, we'll look at how different people view friendships and relationships, focusing on the number of friends. People often debate whether it's better to maintain friendships with a small group of people or expand one's social circle. Some believe in developing deeper, closer relationships with a select few. On the other hand, others believe it's more important to increase the number of friends. Which view do you agree with? Why?
学生1: I believe that having many friends is better. Some people find having deep conversations diffcult because they are not comfortable sharing personal thoughts face to face. social media can help these people make friends more easily. With many friends, we can gain different perspectives and broaden our understanding.
学生2: For me, having a small group of close friends is better. These close friends, who know us deeply, are our go-to people when we seek help. They stand by us in challenging times, providing support and helping us overcome problems due to their understanding of our lives. This is the unique beneft of close friendships.
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