美国ACT考试 语法规则（修辞）

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修辞技巧  

我们现在将介绍ACT英语所需的修辞技巧。使用技巧往往集中在句子的某些子部分，而修辞技巧则扩大了范围，以考虑句子的构造方式以及句子如何相互配合。

关联  

这项技能决定了段落是关于什么的，以及某个细节是否属于该类别。以下段落中哪些句子（如果有的话）是无关紧要的？

[1] My uncle explained to me that bonsai cultivation was part of our ancestors' culture that could remain with me for my whole life. [2] He said that bonsai as old as Hoshi didn't need much maintenance, but he would teach me what I needed to know. [3] He added that I could easily do everything necessary for Hoshi's care in my dorm room. [4] It's funny to think that Hoshi is older than my great grandparents. Bonsai are grown from parts of normal-sized trees that are kept small by pruning and planting in small pots. [5] They thrive in only partial sunlight but need to be pruned several times per year and kept in temperatures that stay well above freezing year-round. [6] Bonsai also require careful watering, and Hoshi in particular needs to live outside in the summer to get the best light and inside in the winter because of the cold.    

如果你说第 4 句无关紧要，你是对的。这一段是关于盆景栽培的，第四句是关于盆景树的年龄。

 作者意图

对于这项技能，我们需要能够确定作者的主题、观点或目标，以及她实现它的方式。

作者的观点是什么？正确的答案是“Ra的想法表明人们将他们所依赖的物体拟人化”。

 组织： Transitional Logic

ACT想要测试我们在句子、段落或整篇文章中的想法之间转换的能力。

Examples

错误: All through high school, we were inseparable; however, even our parents eventually became friends.

更正后: All through high school, we were inseparable; in fact, even our parents eventually became friends.    

错误: The painting is a fascinating work because, by representing women in such a novel way, it questions both representational art and traditional notions of femininity. Nonetheless, most critics agree that it is a groundbreaking work in the development of both cubism and modern art as a whole.

更正后: The painting is a fascinating work because, by representing women in such a novel way, it questions both representational art and traditional notions of femininity. Indeed, most critics agree that it is a groundbreaking work in the development of both cubism and modern art as a whole.

组织机构： Macro Logic  

宏观逻辑是将文章的各个部分按正确顺序排列的技能。幸运的是，在 ACT 上，有大量关于句子和段落应该按什么顺序排列的线索。你能在下面的段落中发现不合时宜的句子吗？

[1] He wore a sailor's uniform and used papers given to him by a free black sailor, showed his ingenuity and courage. [2] After a number of previous failed attempts, Douglass finally escaped to freedom. [3] He took two boats and two trains to get from Havre de Grace, Maryland to a safehouse in New York City, completing his journey to freedom in less than twenty four hours. [4] He received the uniform from Anna Murray, a free black woman in Baltimore who later became his wife.    

如果你说第 4 句不合适，你是对的。它应该放在第 1 句之后。

简洁和冗余  

有时需要说两遍：为了强调，回顾一个困难的话题，或者更清楚地解释一些事情。这些都不适用于 ACT。 在 ACT 上测试这项技能的两种方式是通过冗长的句子和多余的句子。它们是相关的，但又不同。

 冗长的句子

Examples

错误: To travel around Berlin, we have the option of choosing many different transport systems; among them are the U-Bahn, or the underground rail system similar to New York's Subway, and the tram, which is another form of transport that involves railways that have tracks on the streets.

更正后: To travel around Berlin, we might take the U-Bahn, or subway; we could also take the tram.

错误: High-quality learning environments are a necessary precondition for facilitation and enhancement of the ongoing learning process.

更正后: Good schools enable people to learn more.    

错误: With reference to the fact that the company is deficient in manufacturing and production space, the contract may in all probability be awarded to some other enterprise.

更正后: The company may not be awarded the contract because it lacks production facilities.

冗余句子  

Examples

错误: Many uneducated citizens who have never attended school continue to vote for better schools.

更正后: Many uneducated citizens continue to vote for better schools.

错误: The eye of a storm is a region of mostly calm weather found at the center of a tropical cyclone.

更正后: The eye is a region of mostly calm weather found at the center of a tropical cyclone.

错误: The teenage woman who wanted to audition was talented, but only sixteen years old.    

更正后: The woman who wanted to audition was talented, but only sixteen years old.

形式和语气  

每篇文章都有一定的正式程度，从无（课堂上传递的便条）到最大（官方政府或法律文件）。这里的技巧是理解文本的形式（这总是非常接近你在英语课上读过的书）。下面这段话中的非正式短语是什么？

Examples

Many cultures in recorded history have venerated and even worshipped the Sun. To some civilizations, the Sun represents all life; to others, the reason for the cycles of day and night. To Plato, the Sun represented the offspring of all that was good. In other myths, though, the Sun might have another kind of significance. It's for sure that the Sun carries great significance for many cultures both ancient and modern.

如果你说“It's for sure”，你就明白了！它不像文章的其余部分那么正式，听起来很口语化。